KNOWLEDGE GUIDE — HYDRO & AIR EXCAVATION
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Equipment Knowledge · Vacuum Excavation

Hydro & Air Excavation — The Complete Guide

The safe way to dig around buried utilities — how vacuum excavation works, water vs air, and how to spec the right machine.

01

What Is Vacuum Excavation?

High-pressure water (or compressed air) breaks up soil while a powerful vacuum moves it to a debris tank — surgical digging with no shovel contact with utilities.

Hydro

Water + Vacuum

Cuts faster in hard/clay soil; the standard for most municipal and utility work.

Air

Air + Vacuum

Air excavation (like the 185 CFM option on modern AllExcavate units) leaves spoil dry and back-fillable — preferred around sensitive utilities and for soil reuse.

Daylighting

811 Verification

The legal-safe way to visually confirm utility depth before mechanical digging.

Potholing

Spot Exposures

Small precise holes at utility crossings — the day rate product.

Slot Trenching

Linear Exposure

Running trenches along known utility paths.

Debris Body

The Storage

Tank capacity decides how long you dig between dumps — high-dump options (up to 75 inches) empty into roll-offs without leaving site.

02

Why It Beats The Backhoe

One strike pays for the technique.

Utility Strikes

The Cost

A damaged line: repairs, fines, outages, records — the math never recovers.

Safety

No Ground Contact

Nothing mechanical touches the utility — the defining feature.

Speed

Faster Than Hand Dig

Exposing a crossing takes minutes, not the crew-afternoon of hand digging.

Precision

Small Footprint

Restoration cost scales with hole size — potholes are cheap to reinstate.

Records

Better Maps

Every daylight becomes a verified utility record for the GIS.

Season

Frozen Ground

Hot-water-equipped hydro units dig through frost that stops hand crews.

03

Machine Classes — Truck vs Trailer

The market splits by chassis and boom.

Truck-Mounted

The Municipal Standard

Full-size units (like AllExcavate 811/1213) with large tanks and 8m+ booms — the fleet workhorse.

Trailer

Small Crews

Trailer units serve light potholing and remote crews.

Non-CDL

The New Class

The AllExcavate 35 (introduced 2025) — 26,000 lb GVW, no CDL required: the class that opens hydro excavation to smaller fleets and municipalities.

Boom

Reach + Rotation

Boom reach decides your traffic-control footprint — longer boom = fewer truck moves.

High Dump

On-Site Disposal

Raises the debris tank to dump into containers without traveling — introduced by Vacall in 2013, now a benchmark feature.

Air Option

Dual-Mode

Modern units (2022+) offer air excavation mode alongside water — one machine, two techniques.

04

Spec Sheet — What The Numbers Mean

How we translate specs to your work.

Water Pump

GPM + PSI

Flow moves soil; pressure cuts it. Utility-safe work needs controlled pressure classes — we spec to your soil.

Debris Capacity

Cubic Yards

Route length decides dump frequency — the productivity lever.

Water Capacity

Gallons

Refill logistics on your routes — hydrant access matters.

Boom

Reach + Rotation

Street work needs long-reach; pit work needs rotation.

GVW

Licensing

CDL requirement is a hiring constraint — the non-CDL class removes it.

Dealer

Who Serves It

We sell and support in authorized territory — CT/MA/RI for the Vacall line.

05

Safety — The Rules That Never Bend

Vacuum excavation safety from the people who spec and service the machines.

811 First

Always

White-line the area, call before you dig — daylighting confirms, it doesn't replace locate.

Pressure Discipline

Utility-Safe Settings

Around known gas/electric: manufacturer's reduced-pressure protocols, always.

Spoil Management

Tank + Disposal

Soil types change tank behavior — clay needs water discipline.

Cold Weather

Freeze Protection

Heated water systems and tank heaters are spec items in New England.

Operator Training

Included

Every AllExcavate we deliver comes with operator training.

Ground Crew

Hand Signals

Boom work near traffic = signal discipline.

06

Use Cases By Industry

Who actually buys these machines.

Municipal

Water + Sewer Departments

Mainly daylighting, valve + service box exposure, catch basin work.

Utility Contractors

Gas + Electric

811 potholing programs are a full-time business for these fleets.

Industrial

Plants + Terminals

Dense below-grade infrastructure = no-dig policies.

Rental Fleets

Non-CDL Demand

The 2025 non-CDL class was built for exactly this market.

New England

CT · MA · RI

Our authorized territory for the Vacall line — demos available.

Texas

Authorized Areas

Ask about coverage.

07

Respect — The Engineers Behind The Machines

Hydro excavation matured because manufacturers iterated for decades.

Vacall AllExcavate

Since 2011

The AllExcavate line brought high-dump innovation (2013) and air excavation (2022) to the class — built by Gradall Industries in New Philadelphia, Ohio.

35 Years Of Vacall

American Engineering

From the 1951 brand to today's Alamo Group manufacturing — we represent the line accurately and with respect.

Their Media

Their Machines

Manufacturer imagery only on our pages.

One Standard

Honesty

Authorized dealer stated honestly; every brand repaired respectfully.

08

Your Fleet Has One Job. So Do We.

Equipment that works — sold by people who repair it, supported by people who answer the phone.